This module introduces the fundamental concepts of aquatic ecology through developing an understanding of the abiotic and biotic interactions of aquatic ecosystems. It includes examples from a range of aquatic ecosystems including estuarine and transitional coastal waters, rivers, lakes and wetlands. The abiotic and biotic components of various aquatic ecosystems are described and reinforced by practical elements covering the sampling and classification of aquatic habitats and their communities.

1. Describe the fundamental ecological concepts of population demographics, regulation of population size, community structure, community interactions and community development of estuary, river, lake and wetland ecosystems
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the biotic and abiotic components of a range of aquatic ecosystems
3. Recognise the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems and explain energy flow and nutrient cycling in a range of aquatic ecosystems
4. Identify and classify aquatic habitats using both Irish and international habitat classification systems
5. Collect and interpret sample data from selected aquatic habitats

This EBL module introduces the student to potable water treatment from water source to tap. It includes associated water quality monitoring within the regulatory framework.

1. Distinguish between various types of water pollutants anddemonstrate a knowledge of various water quality management tools used to protect water resources including the regulatory framework.

2. Conduct in-situ monitoring of raw water; collect surface water samples for laboratory analysis and operate a drinking water treatment plant.

3. Distinguish between the various unit operations within a water treatment plant.

4. Conduct various analytical methods (chemical, physical and biological) for the monitoring of a drinking water treatment process, and generate and record scientific data and maintain appropriate records

5. Incorporate quality control checks in sampling and laboratory practice.

6. Conduct work independently and in groups to operate and monitor a pilot-scale water treatment plant.

7. Maintain a database of results generated.

8. Interpret and statistically analyse scientific data using knowledge of water quality parametric values from relevant legislation. Present findings to a scientific audience.

This subject introduces the learner to law and legislative approaches and to current environmental legal instruments and relevant institutional structures. The learner will be able to address issues associated with environmental regulation and other interventions in the Irish context. The role of the European Union and the Irish legislature in the formation of national environmental legislation is examined as is the role and responsibilities of environmental enforcement agencies. The aim is to provide a sense of how the overall regulatory system operates and might affect an organisation and how it can be used to protect the environment. The importance of environmental compliance is also explored.

1. Give an overview the Irish and EU legislative system, sources of legislation and list and explain key terms and definitions associated with environmental regulation

2. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of pertinent areas of environmental legislation, including the major obligations/provisions of the main Irish environmental Acts and S.I.s and relevant international legal documents.

3. Explain the legal and institutional framework designed for environmental protection in Ireland.

4. Communicate information regarding environmental legislation in laymans terms.

This module provides an opportunity for students to work in groups and to practice transferable skills. The student will integrate and apply the knowledge in scenarios that are designed to draw on, expand and develop their understanding of issues and content associated with other Modules in the semester and with programme outcomes.

1. Identify knowledge gaps and source and undertake selflearning to fill the gaps.

2. Participate effectively in a structured team environment.

3. Collaboratively solve cross disciplinary problems and reflect on their learning experiences.

4. Employ and interpret scientific data to solve Environmental scenarios.

5. Communicate information in a range of formats to a variety of audiences.

The module will impart the basis of meteorology and climatology, addressing the structure and function of the atmosphere and oceans in balancing earths' energy budget. In combination, the student will gain an appreciation of the human impact on these planetary systems, with measures to mitigate the long-term effects in a range of sectors explored.

1. Describe and illustrate a range of basic fundamental scientific concepts, laws and principles which govern and give meaning to the role and behaviour of the atmosphere, weather and climate.
2. Explain the earths global energy budget, theinfluence of solar radiation and p lanetary-scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean.
3. Explain the key natural and human drivers of climate change.
4. Review the likely impacts and consequences of contemporary climate change.
5. Identify sector level strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and adapt to climate change.

This module introduces the fundamental concepts of terrestrial ecology through developing an understanding of the abiotic and biotic interactions of terrestrial ecosystems. It includes examples from a range of terrestrial ecosystems including coastal, peatlands and heathlands, grasslands and forests. Students are introduced to the terrestrial environment and life in terrestrial ecosystems. The abiotic and biotic components of various terrestrial ecosystems are described and reinforced by practical elements covering the sampling and classification of terrestrial habitats and their communities.

1. Describe the fundamental ecological concepts of populations, communities and environment interactions of a range of twerrestrial ecosystems (peatland, grassland, forest and coastal)
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the biotic and abiotic components of a range ofterrestrial ecosystems
3. Recognise the dynamics ofterrestrial ecosystems and explain energy flow and nutrient cycling in a range ofterrestrial ecosystems
4. Identify and classifyterrestrial habitats using both Irish and international habitat classification systems
5. Collect and interpret sample data from selectedterrestrial habitats

This module provides an introduction to tabular and spatial data management and analysis. Students are introduced to Cloud Based Geographic Information Systems (GIS On-Line & GISPro). A range of data compilation and data interrogation processes are introduced in order to provide the student with competence in a range of tabular and spatial data manipulation and presentation tasks.

1. Use Cloud based software(GIS On-Line &GISPro) to compile data and interrogate for final Map production

2. Create Point, Line and PoygonFeatureClasses to include editingassociated attributes

3. Work with GIS functions to assign symbology, manage labels and produce customised map documents.
4. Query and find features using logical expressions and spatial relationships.
5. Create finished Maps for On-Line display and embedding within Academic Documents

The aim of this module is to introduce students to a variety of laboratory methods used to assess the microbiological status of environmental samples and to teach them the importance of control and containment in environmental microbiology.

1. Applya range of laboratory skills to perform routine analysis using microbiological techniques

2. Count microorganisms in and on environmental samplesusing a range of laboratory procedures

3. Explain the common methods used to control environmental microorganisms

4. Demonstrate a knowledge ofthe importance of containment of potentially pathogenic environmentalmicroorganisms

5. Outline the risks from air borne biohazards and relate the methods for the detection and control of air microflora

This module emphasises the importance of soil ecosystem services for the production of food and environmental protection, in addition to their value to society. Students are taught fundamental knowledge and practical skills on key physical, chemical and biological soil properties, in addition to their interactions, in agricultural, forest and urban soils. Factors influencing soil formation and the great soil groups are addressed. The module introduces students to the main global threats to soil health and their consequences.

1. Explainkey physical, chemical and biological soil properties.

2. Outline key characteristics ofgreat soil groupsand the influence of the main factors of their formation.

3. Demonstrate knowledge of major global threats to soil health (including their cause, nature and consequences)

4. Interpret fieldand laboratory data relating to key soil characteristics with a critical understanding of the context.

5. Outline the concept of soil ecosystem services and its importance to food production, the environment and society.

This practical Module covers methods used for analysis and monitoring chemical, physical and microbiological parameters of wastewater treatment processes. Students work in teams and each team is responsible for the maintenance, operation and monitoring the efficiency of treatment of a laboratory-scale wastewater treatment system based on the activated sludge process.

1. Interpretthe operation of a secondary wastewater treatment process and be able to list the various parts of the treatment plant and their functions

2. Demonstrate the ability to work independently and in groups, safely, to carry out a range of analytical laboratory procedures related to the wastewater treatment process to include microbiological and chemical/physical methods as appropriate.

3. Apply the various analytical methods for monitoring the operation of a secondary wastewater treatment plant in a competent manner

4. Solvecritical design and operational parameters based on direct measurements

5. Organise detailed records of laboratory activities.

6. Compile ,summarise and present overall results on a data base and in a report

7. Compare compliance with the relevant regulations covering wastewater treatment.

In this module we explore the concept of sustainability and the challenge of building a sustainable society. The module will focus specifically on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The student will participate in small interdisciplinary groups to address current environmental problems. Group work will facilitate the understanding of key issues from a variety of perspectives and trans-disciplinary approaches will be explored to address specific sustainability challenges.

1. Recognise the interrelatedness of different disciplines in addressing sustainability issues.

2. Identify individual and group learning needs and develop solutions.
3. Participate in and contribute to team based activities.
4. Communicate sustainability issues to a scientific/nonscientific audience
5. Identify the role of the individual in achieving sustainable futures.

This module will give students a foundation in occupational safety and health and highlight the links between environmental issues and health and safety in the workplace.

1. Examine the links between environmental issuesandoccupational safety andhealthissues in the workplace.

2. Identify a variety of hazards in the workplace and apply appropriate control measures.

3. Outline the parameters used for occupational safetyand healthmonitoring.

4. Identify and analyse Irish and EU occupational safety and health legislation.

5. Communicate the need for effective management of health and safety issues in the workplace.

This module describes the use of bioindicators and bioindices in ecological monitoring. This module provides an introduction to ecological monitoring in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It describes the use of bioindicators and bioindices as an essential component of environmental monitoring and in the assessment of environment quality. The module also focuses on the legislative ecological monitoring requirements to assess progress in achieving objectives of a wide range of EU legislation, in particular the EU Water Framework, Birds and Habitats Directives. Biodiversity assessment using a range of biodiversity measures and indices will be taught. Practical work will involve visits to a range of sites to sample, identify and apply a selection of monitoring methods.

1. Describe a range of bioindicators and bioindices that can be used in the monitoring of air, water and terrestrial environmental quality
2. Demonstrate an ability to critically evaluate ecological monitoring systems currently used for condition assessment for various EU Directives
3. Critique the use of ecological monitoring versus physical and chemical monitoring in assessment of environmental quality

4. Evaluate the ecological condition of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems using appropriate bioindicators and bioindices
5. Describe biodiversity and its assessment using a range of indices (e.g. similarity, diversity and rarity)

This teaching unit introduces students to the principles underpinning environmental toxicology and to some practical components of common toxicology bioassays.

1. Explaining the underlying principles of environmental toxicology and bioassays

2. Appraising the differential bioactivities of major toxicants of environmental interest

3. Discussing the population and community level effects of environmental toxicants

4. Taking part in and analysing toxicology laboratory experiments

This module describes the nature, sources and composition of contaminants in water, municipal and industrial wastewater as well as end products arising from treatment. The module explains how to monitor and quantify pollutants and monitor the efficiency of technologies employed to ensure compliance with legislation. The module also explains the function and basic design parameters of the most commonly used processes for the treatment of water, wastewater and residuals (sludge).

1. Distinguish betweenpreliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment processes and assess the capacity of existing treatment processes based on established design criteria.

2. Illustrate the functionof the main treatment processes in typical water treatment plants and assess the capacity of existing processes based on established design criteria.

3. Discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of a range ofwater and wastewater sludge treatment processes and how these residues should be managed.

4. Assess the appropriateness of a range of intensive and extensive wastewater treatment processes appropriate for on-site treatment of wastewater from domestic and small commercial and industrial operations.

5. Discuss the use of the monitoring of critical control points and the application of a management system approach in the operation and management of water and wastewater treatment facilities.

This module provides participants with an introduction to the principles, practice of environmental ethics, and explores current ideas about responsibility towards our environment. Participants will develop and express their world view as well as study those of others in order that they can understand how various stakeholder groups and society in general view environmental issues. It will contextualise the importance and place of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, this will enable students to cultivate strategies for dealing with likely challenges and issues they could face in relation to environmental ethics.

1. Discuss key ethical issues concerning humanitys relationship with its natural environment.

2. Identify and evaluate relevant ethical assumptions or frameworks involved in current or historical environmental debates.

3. Evaluate the tension between human activity and progess and the demands these place on the environment and be able to formulate rudimentary evaluations and responses to such issues.

4. Demonstrate an evidence-based reflective attitude towards ones personal stance on the environment.

5. Provide clear and concise outlines of key ethical issues concerning the environment.

This module is designed to introduce the learner to the subject of data management as applied to topics in environmental science. The module will first cover data handling, representation and interpretation. The module will introduce descriptive statistics before moving on to cover inferential statistics.

1. Demonstrate knowledge of data handling, representation and interpretation.

2. Make use of descriptive statistics to summarise a data set in an appropriate manner.

3. Apply inferential statistics to make robust judgements about a population of interest by analysis of sample data from the
population.

4. Choose an appropriate statistical approach (descriptive or inferential) relevant to a particular data set in order to make robust conclusions from it.

This module covers current energy production and use in Ireland along with its associated fuel-mix. It reviews the energy challenges for an island nation, and the implications for sustainability in Irish industrial, commercial & domestic environments.

1. Assess the roles of the main organisations involved in the generation, delivery and management of energy in Ireland.
2. Differentiate between the mode of operation of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
3. Explain the concepts of energy use in buildings and the role of ecological building design in energy efficiency.
4. Understand the significance of current EU and Irish energy policies for energy use and generation
5. Interpretenergy audit reportsandoffer suitable suggestions for energy management within a facility.

This module introduces waste management at national, regional and organisational level. It covers waste classification and the concept of the waste management hierarchy and its application in various sectoral areas. Waste prevention/minimisation, re-use, recovery and disposal options and technologies are addressed and their socio-economic and environmental impacts assessed. The regulatory framework is also presented.

1. Describe the various waste classification systems in common use and evaluate their usefulness in various contexts

2. Describe and evaluate the various mechanisms that are used to reduce the quantity and environmental impact of specified waste streams

3. Identify the operational and compliance monitoring requirements necessary to safeguard the environmentfrom selected large scale waste facilities.

4. Identifythe various legislative requirements for producers and holders of waste and for waste hauliers

5. Produce a scientific report suitable for a scientific/non-scientific audience based on a site visit to a waste management facility

6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the application of various waste management frameworks in manufacturing facilities.

This Module introduces the student to the main requirements of the Irish Planning System, what is meant by Development and Exempted Development, documentation required with a Planning Application, the National, Regional and Local Planning Structures and Organisations and the Planning Application process. The module also includes a detailed review of the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Assessment Reports (EIARs) to ensure compliance with the European Union Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directives and the associated Irish EIA Regulations.

1. Differentiate between what constitutes Development and Exempted Development and outline the nature and extent of the documentationrequired fora Planning Application.

2. Identify the main functions and roles of various organisations in relation to the Irish Planning system at National, Regional and Local level

3. Explain how the Irish Planning System can assist in protecting the Environment.

4. Explain the requirements of the Irish EPA Guidelines on the Information to be contained inEnvironmental Impact Assessment Reports (EIARs).

5. Carry out a Critical Review of an EIS/Development Plan/Planning Report/Planning Permission.

Students are required to undertake a period of work placement in a relevant Company/Organisation at the end of 3rd Year. This module aims to prepare students for this work placement. Guest speakers are also invited to address the class on a regular basis on a range of current topics.

1. Identify their preferred career choice(s) and indicate the modules and skillsthat may be potentially beneficial in achieving such a role.

2. Prepare a CV and cover letter, specific to the role being applied for.

3. Identify the key stages of the recruitment and selection process and demonstrate appropriate interview skills.

4. Understand the performance and behaviour appropriate to the contemporary workplace.

5. Discuss the employment and other opportunities that are available in their chosen field.

Students are required to undertake a period of Work Placement in a relevant Company/Organisation at the end of 3rd Year and make a presentation to their peers and staff for examination. Students must also maintain a log during their placement and present a written report for evaluation.

1. Contribute fully to the day-to-day operations of a scientific industry, or other scientific work setting.

2. Communicate scientific information in a variety of forms to specialist and non-specialist audiences.

3. Behave ethically, in a range of work settings.

4. Identify knowledge gaps and source and undertake self-learning to fill the gaps.

5. Recognise and respect the views of others.

6. Present and engage in debate relating to general scientific issues.

7. Develop a capacity for social responsibility.

8. Reflect on own practices.

The purpose of this module is to introduce the learner to the core concepts and basic skills utilised in analytical chemistry. The learner will gain key skills in the assessment and implementation of analytical methods and interpretation of analytical data.

1. Define basic analytical theory and apply this to environmental samples.

2. Describe suitable instrumental techniques for the analysis of environmental samples.

3. Evaluate suitable sampling and sample pre-treatment for the determination of organic and inorganic pollutants in environmental samples.

4. Appraise and report data generated from instrumental analysis of environmental samples.

5. Implement basic instrumental techniques and analytical methodologies in the analysis of environmental samples.

Data management processes, incorporating prior learning from Terrestrial based modules in Yr's 2 & 3, are developed in order to provide the student with competence in a range of DBMS and GIS tasks utilising both ESRI GIS On-Line & GISPro. World Imagery and Living Atlas web services (Satellite imagery) are incorporated to provide content from a range of sources. The role of GIS for managing Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drone Technology) is explored for scanning and 3D modelling and Story Map production. A range of Open Source GIS software resources, including IGIS, QGIS, CMaps, AziMap, utilising Microsoft.NET technology are reviewed.

1. Organise diverse spatial and temporal datasets into layers for surface analysis and distance measurement using GIS Pro & GIS ON-Line.

2. Utilise satellite imagery sourced from ESRI Living Atlas to generate 3D modelling and for Story Map production

3. Construct cluster, proximity, orientation cartographic displays to determine spatial relationships within anenvironmental context.
4. Represent and explore attribute data todetect trends and directional influences,create maps using a range ofoutput surfaces.

5. Demonstrate awareness of Open Source GIS Software, from a range of sources, specifying both the advantages and disadvantages of these resources.

This subject introduces the learner to current environmental policy. The learner will be able to address issues associated with the implementation of environmental policy and will be able to identify, explain and critique environmental regulation, regulatory approaches and tools and other interventions and safeguards in an Irish context.

The main environmental legal instruments and relevant institutional structures are addressed as are the main Irish stakeholders in relation to policy and compliance.

The learner will be able to source, explain and critique environmental regulation in an Irish context and will perform tasks aimed at simulating the context of environmental legislation in the workplace.

1. Demonstrate an applied knowledge and understanding of salient areas of environmental legislation, including the major obligations/provisions of the main Irish environmental Acts and S.I.’s and relevant international legal documents.
2. Critically review relevantenvironmental legislative instruments and explain theextent to which the instrumentsaddresscurrent environmental issues.

3. Evaluate the legal and institutional framework designed for environmental protection in Ireland.
4. Explain why and how policy is developed and evaluate the factors that influencethe development and delivery of policy.

5. Discuss the main international, EU and Irish policies in relation to the environment and for one or more areas of environmental policy perform a critical evaluation of its effectiveness.

This module is designed to develop process, presentation and project management skills to prepare learners to complete their research projects. The module explores literature gathering and sourcing, assessing information, scientific report writing, research project planning and management. Together with their research project, it provides students with a taster for scientific research and develops a more in depth understanding of how science works (the scientific method) and how information is gathered and evaluated.

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific research process

2. Source primary literature on an assigned topic in environmental science

3. Demonstrate the ability to assess and critically evaluate various literature sources and conduct a literature review in the area of the research topic

4. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research methodologies

5. Prepare the objectives of the study and formulate an appropriate methodology

6. Develop a coherent research proposal for the project

7. Demonstrate awareness of data analysis approaches which are applicable to the project

8. Manage a personal learning process, demonstrate monitoring and revision procedures throughout the development of the project and recognise the information and resource requirements of the study

The purpose of this module is enhance the learners' knowledge and skills in the area of analytical chemistry. The learner will introduced to state-of-the-art techniques in the areas of sample pre-treatment and instrumental analysis.

1. Define advanced analytical methodologies and appraise these in relation to environmental samples.

2. Describe suitable advanced instrumental techniques for the analysis of environmental samples.

3. Describe advanced sampling and sample pre-treatment methodologies for determination of trace organic and inorganic pollutants in environmental samples.

4. Create a suitable sampling plan for the evaluation of organic and inorganic pollution events.

5. Critique the analytical performance of advanced instrumental techniques.

6. Implement advanced analytical methodologies to the evaluation and determination of trace organic and inorganic pollutants in environmental samples.

7. Judge the quality and relevance of analytical data from experimental work using advanced analytical methodologies.

8. Compose professional quality reports from experimental work using advanced analytical methodologies.

This module challenges the student to develop a wide-ranged knowledge base and evaluation skills in natural resource management. Aquatic and land based resource management will include both traditional (e.g. mining and fishing) and also topical (e.g. aquaculture and sustainable land/water based ecosystem management) issues. The concept of ecosystem services will be integrated into this module including provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services. Students will be required to investigate, evaluate and impartially report on several case-studies/scenarios, which may be of national or international importance.

1. Explain concepts of aquatic and land-based resource management and ecosystem services.

2. Develop an integrated approach to natural resource management.

3. Evaluatea complex resource management issue.

4. Appraisetopical resource management scenarios for presentation in a professional manner.

5. Evaluate a mechanism for the utilisation of natural resources in an environmentally responsible manner during economic progression.

6. Develop and defend decision making processes for resource management.

7. Justify the importance of respectful engagementwith stakeholders while maintaining an independent un-biased scientific approach.

The module allows the student an opportunity to concentrate on a specific research problem on environmental science and to apply concepts, theories and techniques to a relevant selected topic of interest. The project can be practical or theoretical. The aim is to round the educational experience by requiring the student to apply practical research skills to the process, as well as to engage in reflective and critical analysis of the data. It should communicate the advanced standard of knowledge in the environmental management field and normally deal with potential problems in, for example, the workplace, community, and voluntary sector.

1. Communicate a research report for a specific environmental science /management /resource management topic

2. Complete a programme of work requiring sustained effort with the objective of developing critical abilities in analysis, synthesis and evaluation

3. Demonstrate achievement of the objectives of the study and appropriateness of the methodology used

4. Collect, collate and analyse relevant data

5. Evaluate the main findings of the study and develop appropriate recommendations

6. Demonstrate an awareness of the relevance and potential of the study (for example to society, business and the environment)

7. Manage a personal learning process, demonstrate monitoring and revision procedures throughout the development of the project and recognise the information and resource requirements of the study

This teaching unit will introduce students to the principles underpinning molecular biology and practical components of biomolecular methodologies which apply to environmental and archaeological sciences.

1. Explaining the principles underpinning biomolecular analyses

2. Comparing the principles of key biomolecular techniques

3. Discussingrelevant environmental and/or archaeological molecular biology based case studies

4. Taking part in and analysing molecular biology based laboratory experiments

This module explores the specific requirements of a number of international standards (ISO 14001, ISO 14004 and ISO 19011) and the European Eco Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) in relation to the planning, implementation, monitoring, auditing, reviewing and reporting of environmental management systems. In addition to addressing all the issues set out in the standards/regulation, participants are required to apply the theory to address practical issues/situations in the workplace.

1. Review and/or develop an appropriate Environmental Policy for a range of different organisations.

2. Review and/or develop methodologies and standard operating procedures to carry out an Environmental Review of an organisation or site.

3. Review and/or develop a range of standard operating procedures required for the operation of an Environmental Management System.

4. Develop a plan for an Environmental Audit Programme and/or an Environmental Audit in accordance with the requirements of ISO 19011.

5. Critically review elements of an Environmental Management System or an EMAS Environmental Statement.

This module will provide in-depth insight and into topical conservation issues on the national, EU and global stage. Building on the skills developed in Ecological Monitoring (semester 5), the module will provide training for assessing conservation status of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and in key eco-monitoring methods, with a focus on protected species and habitats. Delivery will be through lectures and practicals, providing training in laboratory and field-based monitoring techniques.

1. Demonstrate ability to critically analysetopical conservation issues

2. Explain the interaction of policies, regulation and pressures on conservation issues

3. Be competent in identifyingindicators for conservation monitoring and evaluation

4. Demonstrate proficiency in designing and undertaking appropriate ecological monitoring methods relevant to conservation and ecosystem management

5. Conduct advancedecological monitoring surveys of a selected habitat or ecosystem

6. Complete a report in relation to the ecological survey, including mapping, analysis, interpretation and identification of conservation issues and improved management practices

7. Competently communicate scientific findings and results

This module introduces the learner to the concept of cleaner production approaches and its application to a range of sectors (e.g. resource use and extraction, manufacturing, transport, use and final disposal) to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage and risks to humans and the environment. The module addresses pollution prevention, risk assessment, life cycle analysis, eco-labelling, green procurement and environmental performance evaluation. Specific emphasis will be placed on the financial appraisal of alternative options using simple payback and discounted cash flow techniques to select the most appropriate option from a range of options.

1. Apply appropriate risk assessment methodologies to prioritise environmental protection measures.

2. Develop appropriate accident prevention and emergency response procedures.

3. Apply Cleaner Production principles and methodologies to a range of economic sectors.

4. Critically review Green Procurement (GP) strategies and the factors that promote and hinder the effective implementation of GP strategies.

5. Discuss the issues that should be considered in developing environmental awareness and training programmes.

6. Critically review Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies and reports and discuss their practical application in environmental management.

7. Devise appropriate environmental performance evaluation methods and indicators for a range of sectors.

8. Use the payback method and discounted cash flow techniques to select a project from a range of alternative options.